This extensive tutorial provides a thorough foundation for the understanding of piezoelectric/crystal resonators properties and behaviors. The table of contents provides insight into just how comprehensive this tutorial is:

1. Applications and Requirements
2. Quartz Crystal Oscillators
3. Quartz Crystal Resonators
4. Oscillator Stability
5. Quartz Material Properties
6. Atomic Frequency Standards
7. Oscillator Comparison and Specification
8. Time and Timekeeping
9. Related Devices and Applications

This app note gives some good background for improving the accuracy of noise figure measurements.

Some noteworthy topics covered include: when to use a noise source with a larger or smaller ENR, choosing the appropriate measurement bandwidth, and factors to take into account when making measurements on frequency-conversion devices (mixers).

This blog explores various topics in RF test and measurement, from the latest equipment to best practice techniques to ensure consistent results and understand uncertainty limitations.

My name is Ben Zarlingo and I'm an applications specialist for Keysight Technologies. I've been an electrical engineer working in test & measurement for several decades now, mostly in signal analysis. For the past 20 years I've been involved primarily in wireless and other RF testing.

This app note describes the techniques that can be used to measure devices requiring a high input signal level. Although the steps listed are specific to the E5072 ENA Network Analyzer, the concepts of using a configurable test set apply to other brands and models as well.